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The research on the essence of triple energizer has not reached a consensus. The correspondence between the existing understanding and the classical theory of triple energizer is still limited in terms of structure and function. According to the traditional theory， nutrient-defense takes channels as the main circulatory system， while the operation of nutrient-defense in the triple energizer remains unclear. Since little is known about the physical structure of the triple energizer， the role of triple energizer as a collection of other Zang-fu organs has been ignored in most cases. The new progress in anatomy paves the way for the research on the essence of triple energizer. The function and structure of triple energizer are similar to those of interstitium and interfacial fluid flow， which enriches our understanding of the macro and micro structures of triple energizer. The triple energizer is distributed throughout the body and composed of membrane and interstitial space. The material structure of triple energizer includes fiber scaffold， collagen fiber， mesenchymal stem cells， histiocytes， pericytes， and interstitial fluid. The functions of triple energizer include passing body fluids， operating nutrient-defense， distributing original Qi， and transmitting and changing pathogenic Qi. According to the available theories and research achievements， we put forward the concept of vertical and horizontal triple energizer， pointed out that triple energizer had independent structure and the features of Zang-fu organs， and preliminarily defined the spatial distribution of triple energizer. The relationship between channels and triple energizer is essential for discussing the operation of nutrient-defense. Telocyte （Tc） and telopod （Tp） has the characteristics of channels in function and structure. The connective tissue with the distribution of Tc and Tp belongs to the same material as the basic structure of interstitial/interfacial fluid flow system and the fibrous skeleton of interstitium. It is clear that channels and triple energizer have material commonality. From the operation paths of nutrient-defense， we proposed that channels may be soaked and attached in triple energizer and put forward the model of channels soaked and attached in triple energizer. By combining the circulation of nutrient-defense with the vertical and horizontal triple energize， we developed the theory of triple energizer-nutrient-defense loop to comprehensively describe the generation， transport， and metabolism of nutrient-defense in channels and triple energizer， aiming to provide a theoretical model for future studies of disease transmission and change from exterior to interior.
ABSTRACT
The research on the essence of triple energizer has not reached a consensus. The correspondence between the existing understanding and the classical theory of triple energizer is still limited in terms of structure and function. According to the traditional theory， nutrient-defense takes channels as the main circulatory system， while the operation of nutrient-defense in the triple energizer remains unclear. Since little is known about the physical structure of the triple energizer， the role of triple energizer as a collection of other Zang-fu organs has been ignored in most cases. The new progress in anatomy paves the way for the research on the essence of triple energizer. The function and structure of triple energizer are similar to those of interstitium and interfacial fluid flow， which enriches our understanding of the macro and micro structures of triple energizer. The triple energizer is distributed throughout the body and composed of membrane and interstitial space. The material structure of triple energizer includes fiber scaffold， collagen fiber， mesenchymal stem cells， histiocytes， pericytes， and interstitial fluid. The functions of triple energizer include passing body fluids， operating nutrient-defense， distributing original Qi， and transmitting and changing pathogenic Qi. According to the available theories and research achievements， we put forward the concept of vertical and horizontal triple energizer， pointed out that triple energizer had independent structure and the features of Zang-fu organs， and preliminarily defined the spatial distribution of triple energizer. The relationship between channels and triple energizer is essential for discussing the operation of nutrient-defense. Telocyte （Tc） and telopod （Tp） has the characteristics of channels in function and structure. The connective tissue with the distribution of Tc and Tp belongs to the same material as the basic structure of interstitial/interfacial fluid flow system and the fibrous skeleton of interstitium. It is clear that channels and triple energizer have material commonality. From the operation paths of nutrient-defense， we proposed that channels may be soaked and attached in triple energizer and put forward the model of channels soaked and attached in triple energizer. By combining the circulation of nutrient-defense with the vertical and horizontal triple energize， we developed the theory of triple energizer-nutrient-defense loop to comprehensively describe the generation， transport， and metabolism of nutrient-defense in channels and triple energizer， aiming to provide a theoretical model for future studies of disease transmission and change from exterior to interior.
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AIM To aim at investigating the function of Kaixin Jieyu Pills (Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma,Bupleuri Radix,Morindae officinalis Radix,etc.) to vascular depression and their mechanism of action.METHODS A vascular depression model of rat was established by chronic unpredictable mild stress and separation after ligation of the bilateral common carotid arteries.The rats were treated with Kaixin Jieyu Pills and fluoxetine hydrochloride (FLU) for 28 days,respectively.The sucrose preference test and open-field test were performed.Cerebral perfusion was investigated with a Perfusion Speckle Imager.The monoamines including serotonin,dopamine and noradrenaline,and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) were determined with ELISA and Western bolt,respectively.RESULTS Kaixin Jieyu Pills significantly increased sucrose preference,moving distance and cortical blood flow.Kaixin Jieyu Pills could upregulate,to different extents,the expressions of monoamines,including serotonin,noradrenaline and dopamine,and BDNF.Kaixin Jieyu Pills had a function similar to FLU in behavior,upregulating monoamines and BDNF,but it is superior to FLU in cortical blood flow.CONCLUSION Kaixin Jieyu Pills has the advantage of reducing the depression-like behavior and improving cerebral hypoperfusion,which might be mediated by the upregulation of the serotonin,noradrenaline and BDNF.
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Depression,which is a common mental disorder with complex causes,has been a disease with high morbidity and mortality rate.The theory of neurobiochemistry,which is highly appreciated by clinical pharmacology,is used to illuminate the pathogenesis of depression.The theory shows that neurotransmitter imbalance is one of the important factors for depression.Chinese materia medica (CMM) and its extract,as well as Chinese medicine compound have unique advantages with little side effect,multicomponent,multiple target point and multi-effect in anti-depression treatment.In this study,we mainly reviewed the research progress of CMM and its compound in regulating neurotransmitter,which will provide scientific basis for the clinical application of CMM in anti-depression treatment.
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This article was aimed to investigate the function and mechanism of Kai-Xin Jie-Yu (KXJY) pill on depression.The depression model rats were established by chronic unpredictable mild stress and separation.The sucrose preference test and Morris water maze (MWM) were performed.The regulation effects of neural plasticity-related genes including glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β),cAMP-response element binding protein (CREB),5-hydroxytryptamine 2C receptors (HTR2C),and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) were determined.The results showed that among depression model rats,KXJY pill significantly increased the sucrose preference and the escape latency of MWM in a certain extent.The neural plasticity-related genes including GSK-3β and HTR2C mRNA were decreased significantly,whereas CREB and VEGF mRNA were increased significantly with the treatment of KXJY pill.It was concluded that KXJY pill had the function of reducing depression-like behavior,which might be mediated by the regulation of GSK-3β,CREB,HTR2C and VEGF.
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The paper was aimed to summarize the development of vascular depression (VD) in functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) of brain research,including diffusion tensor imaging and blood oxygenation level dependentfMRI.Through the real-time imaging of brain tissues and brain function in VD patients,it was found that the neurological and brain function in the brain regions related to depression were changed.The main pathologic changes were abnormal white matter hyperintensities of the brains.The key link of VD pathogenesis was that limbic systemcortex-striatum-thalamus circuits were destroyed.And the main performance of VD in fMRI was abnormal brain function connection in prefrontal cortex,limbic cortex (i.e.,cingulate gyrus,hippocampal gyrus),amygdala,cerebellum,and etc.in fMRI.The pathogenesis of VD was complex.As a noninvasive living brain function detection technique,fMRI will play an important role in the comprehensive understanding of VD and provide new ideas in clinical diagnosis and treatment.
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This study was aimed to detect the expression of miR-665 in the hippocampal of depression rat model treated with Kai-Xin Jie-Yu (KXJY) decoction and bioinformatic analysis of target genes of miR-665,in order to investigate the role of miR-665 in the pathogenesis of depression and the antidepressant mechanism of KXJY decoction.The rat model of chronic stress depression was established and then treated with KXJY decoction for 42 days.The total RNA from hippocampus tissues was extracted.And the relative expression of miR-665 in hippocampus of rats in each group was detected by RT-qPCR.TargetScan and microRNAorg databases were used to predict target genes for miR-665.DAVID database was used to classify GO function and to analyze KEGG signaling pathway of target genes.The results showed that compared with the normal group,the expression level of miR-665 in hippocampus of the model group was significantly higher with significant difference (P ＜ 0.01).Compared with the model group,the expression level of miR-665 in hippocampus of Chinese medicine group and western medicine group decreased significantly with significant difference (P ＜ 0.01).The biological functions of miR-665 target genes were mainly concentrated in the response to organic substance.The signal pathway was mainly concentrated in N-Glycan biosynthesis.It was concluded that miR-665 may be involved in the pathological process of depression,by correcting the abnormal expression of miR-665,which may be one of the antidepressant mechanisms of KXJY decoction.Through the analysis and prediction of the target genes,it provided a certain direction and theoretical basis for further study on the specific mechanism of KXJY decoction intervention on miR-665.
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This study was aimed to explore the antidepressant effect of Kai-Xin Jie-Yu (KXJY) prescription on depressive model of rats,and to explore the level of inflammatory cytokines in peripheral blood.According to sucrose preference and weight,male SD rats were randomly divided into the normal group,model group and traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) group.The model of depression was established by chronic unpredictable mild stress and separation for @@6 weeks.Body weight,sucrose preference and forced swimming test were used to evaluate the depressive state.The levels of IL-1β,IL-2,IL-6 and TNF-α in the serum of rats were measured by ELISA.The results showed that compared with the normal group,the weight,sucrose preference and total drinking water of rat model gToup were significantly reduced.The immobility time of forced swimming was significantly prolonged.The level of IL-1β,IL-2,IL-6 and TNF-α expression in serum was significantly increased.There was no significant difference between the body weight of rats in the model group and TCM group.The total amount of drinking water and sucrose preference were significantly increased.The immobility time of forced swimming was reduced.Levels of IL-1 β,IL-2,IL-6 and TNF-α expression were decreased significantly.It was concluded that KXJY prescription can improve depression symptoms in depression model of rats.It may be related to regulate the expression level of serum inflammatory cytokines.
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OBJECTIVE:To systematically review the effectiveness and safety of methotrexate(MTX)in the treatment of rheuma-toid arthritis,and provide evidence-based reference for clinical treatment. METHODS:Retrieved from Medline,EMBase,Cochrane Library,PubMed,CJFD,CBM,VIP and Wanfang Database,randomized controlled trials(RCT)about MTX in the treatment of rheu-matoid arthritis were collected,Meta-analysis was performed after data extraction and quality evaluation. RESULTS & CONCLU-SIONS:33 effectiveness evaluation were included,involving 8 253 patients,and 53 safety evaluation were included,involving 4 803 patients. Results of analysis show,the efficacy of MTX was not higher than leflunomide in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis,superi-or to cyclosporine A,and similar to sulfasalazine. In addition,MTX shows similar efficacy with etanercept(7.5-20 mg per week),goli-mumab,adalimumab or rituximab,but less effective than trastuzumab. The incidence of adverse reactions of MTX is high,but mainly mild or moderate,and the most common adverse reactions are gastrointestinal symptoms. Oral administration of MTX is more secure than intramuscular injection and subcutaneous injection.
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The antidepressant effect of Perilla frutescens has been paid more attention.Perilla and its extracts, active ingredients have antidepressant effect. Its mechanism involves the regulation of monoamine neurotransmitters, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, regulation of HPA axis and immune function, regulation of central nevous system, etc. In this paper, combined with related literature at home and abroad, we explored the application characteristics of Perilla in depression and it's antidepressant mechanism.
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Objective To pick up the Chinese materia medica with principal antidepressive effect in Kaixin Jieyu prescription based on uniform distribution. Methods 11 groups of concerted application with different dosages of six simplex Chinese materia medica (X 1-X 6) of Kaixin Jieyu prescription were arranged by the designlist and sustentacular table of U11(1110). Positive and negative control groups were also formed. Mice were randomized into 13 groups according to body weight and fed with medicine 14 d and estimated by tail suspension test, forced swim test and autonomic activities test. Results Relationship of percentage of immovability time (Y 1) in the tail suspension test and X 1-X 6 were analyzed with multivariant non-linear regression analysis and resulted in Y 1=1.133 1-0.842 3×X 1+0.438 2×X 3-0.712 9×X 6. It indicated that both Radix Ginseng and Fructus Aurantii Immaturus had obvious antidepressive function, and Radix Paeoniae Rubra may facilitate depression. Relationship of immovability time (Y 2) in forced swim test and X1-X6 were analyzed with multivariant non-linear regression analysis and resulted in Y 2=167.69-2.99×X 12-2.14×X 1-1.65×X 6. It also indicated that both Radix Ginseng and Fructus Aurantii Immaturus had obvious antidepressive function. Relationship of autonomic activities index (Y 3) in autonomic activities test indicated that X 1-X 6 had no obvious influence on Y 3 and antidepressive function of KaixinJieyu prescription was not concerned with excitability to the central nervous system. Conclusion Radix Ginseng and Fructus Aurantii Immaturus were the Chinese materia medica with principal antidepressive effect in Kaixin Jieyu prescription.
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This study was aimed to establish traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) diagnosis and treatment procedure of varicella zoster virus (VZV) in AIDS, and to construct questionnaires for key points and revision of the procedure. The TCM draft of diagnosis and treatment procedure for VZV in AIDS was established through literature retrieval and peer review. Two rounds of surveys were carried out to investigate the confirmation and advice of in-group specialist to key points of TCM or integrative medicine draft including diagnosis, treatment and nursing. Then, diagnosis and treatment procedure were revised according to survey results. The results showed that the recovery of complete ques-tionnaires in the first-round survey was 96%. More confirmation of specialists were given to concept, clinical feature, cause, mechanism, case history and general examination, diagnostic criteria, syndrome differentiation and treatment of dampness-heat of liver channel syndrome, skin, dietary and psychological nursing, treatment course and therapeutic effect standard. The coefficient of variations (CVs) of experiential effective recipe, moxibustion and massage, auxiliary examination, syndrome differentiation and treatment of dampness stagnancy due to spleen deficiency syndrome and qi stagnation and blood stasis syndrome, and western medicine treatment were large. The weight coefficients of all items were within 0.043 6 and 0.046 2. The Cronbach Coefficient Alpha (CCA) was 0.996 and the split-half reliability R was 0.86. Recovery of complete questionnaires in the second-round survey was 100%. More confirmation of special-ists were given to outline, cause, mechanism, case history and general examination, diagnostic criteria, syndrome dif-ferentiation and treatment of three syndromes, experiential effective recipe, skin, dietary and psychological nursing. The CV was 0. The CV of auxiliary examination, moxibustion and massage was 0.063 8, which was less than those of first-round survey. The consistency of specialist was relatively increased. The weight coefficients of all items in the second-round survey were within 0.058 2 and 0.059 0. The CCA was -0.041 and the split-half reliability R was 0.79. A new revised procedure was preliminarily established according to results of two rounds of surveys. It was concluded that the activeness, concentration and coordination of specialists were good in two rounds of surveys. Con-sensus in key points of the procedure draft was reached including diagnosis, treatment and nursing.
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This study was aimed to build up a diagnosis and treatment procedure of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) for HIV/AIDS headache. Domestic and foreign articles correlated to HIV/AIDS headache diagnosed and treat-ed by TCM were summarized. The specialist questionnaire of clinical diagnosis and treatment standard operating pro-cedures of TCM for HIV/AIDS headache was designed by focus group discussions. And the national specialist ques-tionnaire survey was carried out twice. The results showed that the standard operating procedure of TCM clinical di-agnosis, treatment, nursing and therapeutic efficacy assessment for HIV/AIDS headache was preliminarily established. It was concluded that this regulation identified concept, etiology and pathogenesis of HIV/AIDS, established TCM standard diagnosis and treatment service. It also demonstrated features of propaganda and education, follow-ups, con-secutive diagnosis and treatment inside or outside the hospital.
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Objective To compare the bio-medical parameters in SIV infected Chinese rhesus monkeys with diverse disease progression,by which the pathogenesis of simian AIDS were to be investigated.Methods Sixteen Chinese rhesus monkeys were inoculated intravenously with SIVmac239 and followed-up for 18 months.Based on their progression patterns and plasma viral loads,animals were divided into 3 groups,including 1 rapid progressor( RP),13 normal progressors(NP),and 2 elite controllor(EC).Their parameters of haematology,virology,immunology and pathology were examined and compared. Results Compared with other animals,RM449(RP) showed higher viral load,unresponsive humoral immunity,and higher level of auto-antibodies against lymph node,thymus,and spleen.Additionally,its effector memory CD4 count was lower,with the transformation progress being blocked-like from naive/central memory subsets to effector memory subset,as the flow-cytometry assay showed.Notable decrease in its peripheral B cell was also observed,especially to the sub-population of tissue-like memory B cells and activated memory B cells.Pathological examination showed the depletion of lymphoid tissue,atrophy of spleen and loss of thymus.Moreover,most of these parameters of RM450 and RM453 (EC) changed opposite to that of RP.Conclusion The hallmarks of RM449 were higher viraemia and lower SIV specific IgG level,which may due to the disturbance of T cells and B cells development and differentiation.Moreover,destructions of organs of the immune system may contribute to the disturbance.Our study suggest that the change of micro-environments of thymus induced by SIV infection,which is necessary in T cell and B cell development and differentiation,may contribute at least partially to the AIDS pathogenesis.
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Neurovascular unit is a new paradigm to explore pathophysiology of central nerve system. Its components constitute complex networks for maintaining the steady-state microenvironment of neurons. This article reviews the steady-state changes, related diseases, and neurovascular unit protection among all the components of neurovascular unit, mainly focuses on the neurovascular coupling, ion signal of neurovascular unit, channel regulation, neurovascular regeneration and nutritional factors, as well as the pathological changes of neurovascular unit of ischemic stroke and related control methods.
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The vascular depression is a subtype of depression.It has its specificity in clinical features,imaging,and treatment outcome etc.This article reviews the advances in research on the aspects of risk factors,pathogenesis,diagnosis,clinical features,and outcomes of vascular depression,particularly the vascular risk factors,steady-state changes in the neurovascular unit,immune cytokine activation,imaging characteristics of white matter damage and treatment of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation as well as its correlation with dementia and cardiocerebrovascular diseases.